If you’re pursuing or maintaining a Department of Defense (DoD) contract, one thing is clear: cybersecurity compliance is no longer optional. But with multiple frameworks in play—CMMC, NIST SP 800-171, and ISO 27001—it’s easy to get confused.
Which one do you need? What are the differences? And is one better than the others?
This guide will break it down so you can make the right decision for your organization, contracts, and risk profile.
What Each Framework Covers
Let’s unpack each framework:
1. CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification)
CMMC is the DoD’s evolving framework that builds on NIST 800-171 but adds third-party verification and a tiered maturity model.
- Level 1: Basic cyber hygiene
- Level 2: Aligned with NIST 800-171 (110 controls)
- Level 3: Advanced controls aligned with NIST 800-172
Key traits:
- Required for most DoD contracts moving forward
- Level 2 will require third-party certification for many contracts.
- Noncompliance can disqualify you from bidding.
If you’re a DoD contractor handling CUI, CMMC is not optional. It’s the framework you must follow.
2. NIST SP 800-171
NIST 800-171 is a set of 110 security controls designed to protect CUI in non-federal systems. It’s the foundation of CMMC Level 2 and has been a requirement for DoD contractors since 2017 under DFARS 252.204-7012.
Key traits:
- Focused on protecting CUI
- Self-attestation is still allowed (for now)
- You must submit a score to SPRS (Supplier Performance Risk System)
- Used across federal agencies, not just DoD
If you’re preparing for CMMC, implement NIST 800-171. It’s the blueprint.
3. ISO/IEC 27001
ISO 27001 is an internationally recognized Information Security Management System (ISMS) framework. It is not specific to the DoD but is often required in commercial and international sectors.
Key traits:
- Globally accepted standard
- Helps establish a continuous security management program
- May improve your standing in commercial contracts
- Not sufficient alone for DoD compliance
If your business also serves commercial or international clients, ISO 27001 adds credibility and structure. But it won’t replace CMMC or NIST for defense contracts.
Which Framework Do You Need?
Use this matrix to guide your decision:
Can You Implement More Than One?
Yes, and in many cases, you should. Here’s how they can work together:
- Start with NIST 800-171. It’s the baseline for federal compliance.
- Pursue CMMC if DoD contracts are in play. It’s built on NIST and adds formal assessment.
- Layer in ISO 27001 if you want a globally recognized ISMS to strengthen internal processes and expand into other markets.
Think of NIST as the foundation, CMMC as the enforcement layer, and ISO as the global framework that improves governance and scalability.
Final Thought
Choosing the proper cybersecurity framework isn’t just about checking boxes. It’s about protecting your data, qualifying for critical contracts, and building long-term trust with your clients and partners.
At Black Rock Engineering & Technology, we help companies navigate the complex world of compliance. Whether you’re preparing for CMMC certification, aligning with NIST, or building toward ISO 27001.
Which path is right for your business?
